Soy isoflavones may help protect pigs against viral infections
More studies are needed to determine the ideal amount of soybean products for optimal benefits.
July 17, 2020
Pigs that eat soybean as a regular part of their diet may be better protected against viral pathogens, according to a new study from University of Illinois, whose researchers attributed the effect to isoflavones, a natural compound in soybeans.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a widespread disease that costs U.S. swine producers around $650 million every year. There is evidence that feeding soy helps protect pigs against the disease, but it’s not clear why or how it works, said Ryan Dilger, co-author on the study and associate professor in the department of animal sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences and Neuroscience Program at the University of Illinois.
Dilger and his collaborators previously pointed to dietary soy isoflavones as the active ingredient, and they wanted to explore that hypothesis further.
“In this study, we’re looking specifically at isoflavones and whether they have a beneficial effect on the immune response,” Dilger said. “We wanted to understand how we can take a primary protein source in a diet that's already used for pigs and provide a practical way for producers to combat endemic PRRSV.”
Isoflavones are a flavonoid compound that occurs naturally in plants, with a particularly high concentration in soybeans. It has well-known health benefits and is used as a dietary supplement for humans, explained Brooke Smith, lead author of the study and graduate researcher in the Veterinary Medical Scholars Program at the University of Illinois.
“When they're included in the diet of infected pigs, these isoflavones seem to be supportive by either helping the pigs clear secondary infections or setting them up for a more successful immune response so they clear the infection and don't succumb to it,” Smith said.
Dilger added that the research is unique in focusing on nutrition. “We are using something that’s going through the gastrointestinal tract to try and alter the immune response to a virus which is actually in the lungs. So never does the virus come into direct contact with the isoflavones. These are two different systems,” he said.
The study included 96 pigs, divided into three groups. Two groups were infected with PRRSV; one of these groups received a supplement of isoflavones while the other did not. A control group of non-infected pigs received a diet without isoflavones.
Infected pigs that did not consume isoflavones had about 50% higher rate of infection-related mortality than those receiving the supplement, the researchers noted. Consequently, isoflavones in the diet could have a significant economic effect for producers, they concluded.
In a second part of the study, the researchers looked more specifically at whether isoflavones might benefit the immune system indirectly by changing profiles of bacteria in the large intestine of the pig.
“We did not know whether there was a direct effect of isoflavones on the immune system or whether it was a result of isoflavones benefitting resident bacteria, which then had an indirect effect on the host,” Smith said.
They were able to rule out the indirect effect of isoflavones through bacteria. However, even though the researchers were not able to explain the biological mechanisms, it is clear isoflavones are beneficial.
The researchers said more studies are needed to determine the ideal amount of soybean products for optimal benefits.
While isoflavones have a wide variety of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative cell activities, they also have estrogen-like components that can affect breeding females and change the reproductive cycle. Swine producers need to balance anti-viral effects with estrogen activity when determining the isoflavone level in diets for gilts, the announcement said.
Funding for the studies was provided by the United Soybean Board and Archer Daniels Midland.
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