Researchers at The University of Edinburgh’s The Roslin Institute have mapped which genes are turned on and off in different tissues and organs in a sheep’s body. Their findings shed new light on the animal’s complex biology, including insight into the function of genes linked to immunity and meat quality.

The researchers said the insights could eventually inform animal breeding programs aimed at improving farmers' stocks.

Sheep have more than 20,000 different genes, but not all of these are expressed in each tissue type in the body.

The team focused on genetic material called RNA, which is produced as an intermediate step when DNA code is translated into the proteins and molecules that make up cells and tissues. RNA serves as a functional readout of exactly which genes are expressed in which tissues at any one time.

The Roslin Institute researchers analyzed the total RNA produced in each tissue of the sheep’s body. Their results represent a major step towards understanding how the sheep’s genetic information influences its physical traits. The findings also shed light on the function of hundreds of genes whose roles were previously unknown.

An online database has been created from the results and is freely accessible to scientists anywhere in the world. The researchers hope this resource will help further the understanding of the sheep’s genetic makeup.

The project is a major contribution to the global Functional Annotation of ANimal Genomes (FAANG) initiative.

The study, published in PLOS Genetics, was supported by the U.K.'s Biotechnology & Biological Research Council, which also provided The Roslin Institute with strategic funding.

Roslin Institute professor David Hume, who initiated the project, said, “This is largest resource of its kind. Ongoing comparative analysis will provide insights to help us understand gene function across all large animal species, including humans.”

Project coordinator Dr. Emily Clark, also with The Roslin Institute, added, “Sheep are a central part of the rural economy in the U.K. and are essential to sustainable agriculture across the globe. The new resource represents a major step towards understanding how the sheep’s genetic information influences its physical traits and provides a foundation to use this information to generate sustainable improvements in the productivity of livestock animals.”