WHEN scientists torched an entire 22-acre watershed in Portugal in a recent experiment, their research yielded a counterintuitive result: Large, hot fires do not necessarily beget hot, scorched soil.
It's well known that wildfires can leave surface soil burned and barren, which increases the risk of erosion and hinders a landscape's ability to recover.
However, the scientists' test found that the hotter the fire -- and the denser the vegetation feeding the flames -- the less the underlying soil heated up, an inverse effect that runs contrary to previous studies and conventional wisdom. Rather, the soil temperature was most affected by the fire's speed, the direction of heat travel and the landscape's initial moisture content.
These new findings could help forest managers plan when and where to ignite small, controlled burns to reduce dry vegetation and restore the ecosystem in at-risk areas, said Cathelijne Stoof, a soil and water scientist at Cornell University who led this study as part of her doctoral research at Wageningen University in the Netherlands.
A report about the experiment by Stoof and her colleagues has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.
To study the real-world effects of landscape and fire dynamics on soil temperature, the research team mapped the watershed and installed instruments before setting the test area ablaze. During the burn, the scientists monitored the fire and the resulting soil temperatures.
As expected, the fire was most intense in the heavily vegetated areas, but the topsoil in these regions remained "surprisingly cool" during the duration of the fire, Stoof said.
"Vegetation is fuel, so the areas with more vegetation had more intense fire," Stoof said. However, "the heavily vegetated regions were also more moist, which protected the soil."
The areas with the hottest soil temperatures were in direct sunlight and had sparse, dry vegetation.
"Because it's already dried out, it doesn't have the moisture shield that more densely vegetated areas have to preserve the soil," Stoof said.
Previously observed behavior of fires could also help explain the new result, Stoof added.
"Fires moving fast will quickly burn up all the vegetation and also have little effect on the soil, but slow-moving fires will have much more time to heat up the soil and burn up its organic matter and seeds," she noted.
Prior to this study, most of the research concerning fire effects on soil "took place in small-scale field or laboratory settings, where they only burned small plots," Stoof said, noting that under those conditions, "you cannot extrapolate those results to the larger scale, where fire, soil and vegetation are heterogeneous."
Volume:85 Issue:17