Field-based study shows honeybees are not harmed by realistic exposure to the world's most common insecticide.

March 20, 2015

3 Min Read
Pesticides not only culprit in honeybee losses

Excessive loss of honeybee colonies threatens not only honeybee survival but also the many wild plants and crops that the bees pollinate and the many economies that are based on those crops.

The possible culprits for this global problem include parasites, insecticides, disease, climate stress and malnutrition, but many have pointed the finger squarely at insecticides as the prime suspect.

Now, a new study from the University of Maryland shows that the world's most common insecticide does not significantly harm honeybee colonies at real-world dosage levels.

The study, which was published March 18 in the journal PLOS ONE, looked at the effects of the insecticide imidacloprid on honeybee colonies over a three-year period. To see significant negative effects, including a sharp decrease in winter survival rates, the researchers had to expose the colonies to at least four times as much insecticide encountered under normal circumstances. At 20 times the normal exposure levels, the colonies experienced more severe consequences.

The study does not totally absolve imidacloprid of a causative role in honeybee colony declines. Rather, the results indicate that insecticides are but one of many factors causing trouble for the world's honeybee populations.

"Everyone is pointing the finger at these insecticides. If you pull up a search on the internet, that's practically all anyone is talking about," said Galen Dively, emeritus professor of entomology at the University of Maryland and lead author of the study. "This paper says no, it's not the sole cause. It contributes, but there is a bigger picture."

Imidacloprid is one of a broad class of insecticides called neonicotinoids, so named because they are chemically derived from nicotine. In tobacco and other related plants, nicotine acts as a deterrent by poisoning would-be herbivores. While nicotine itself was once used as an insecticide, it has fallen out of favor because it is highly toxic to humans and breaks down rapidly in sunlight. Neonicotinoids have been engineered specifically to address these shortcomings.

"Imidacloprid is the most widely used insecticide in the world. It's not restricted because it is very safe — an order of magnitude safer than organophosphates," Dively said, drawing a comparison with a class of chemicals known to be highly toxic to nearly all living things.

For the study, Dively and his colleagues fed pollen dosed with the insecticide to honeybee colonies. The team purposely constructed a worst-case scenario, even at lower exposure levels. For example, they fed the colonies tainted food for up to 12 continuous weeks. This is a much longer exposure than bee colonies would experience in real-world scenarios, because most crops do not bloom for such an extended period of time.

Even at these longer exposure periods, realistic dosage levels of imidacloprid did not cause significant effects in the honeybee colonies. Only at higher levels did the colonies start to have trouble producing healthy offspring and surviving through the winter.

"A lot of attention has been paid to neonicotinoids, but there isn't a lot of field data. This study is among the first to address that gap," University of Maryland assistant professor of entomology Dennis vanEngelsdorp, a leading bee researcher who was not involved in the study.

"It's not surprising that higher levels will hurt insects. They're insecticides after all," said vanEngelsdorp, who directs the Bee Informed Partnership, a collaboration of leading university and federal researchers seeking to better understand honeybee declines in the U.S. However, "this study is saying that neonicotinoids probably aren't the sole culprit at lower, real-world doses."

Dively and vanEngelsdorp both agree that a synergistic combination of many factors is most likely to blame for colony declines. Climate stress could be taking a toll, and malnutrition could be a factor as well. The latter is a particular concern for industrial bee colonies that are rented to large-scale agricultural operations. These bees spend much of their time eating pollen from one or two crops, which throws their diet out of balance.

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