Manure management is serious business since a single cow, depending on its size, can generate between 43 and 120 lb. of manure each day. Cow manure can be a low-cost fertilizer for farmers' crops, but manure can also host antimicrobial resistant bacteria.

Most bacteria are harmless. However, pathogens that can originate from cattle manure include Escherichia coli, salmonella and yersinia.

Tim McAllister, a principal research scientist in ruminant microbiology and nutrition at the Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada Lethbridge Research Centre in Alberta, and his colleagues have been testing creative ways to target antimicrobial resistance genes in manure.

"Not all bacteria are bad," said McAllister. "The trick is finding which become resistant and whether or not those will affect human health."

Antimicrobials are given to cattle to keep cattle healthy, but there's a downside to the use of antibiotics.

"When you use antibiotics, bacterial resistance is inevitable," McAllister said. "There's always trade-offs in nature. It really is a matter of which bacteria become resistant and if it has any implications for human health."

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In cattle, antibiotic residues can be excreted in feces and urine. "Even the most pristine soils harbor antibiotic resistant bacteria. Then it's a matter of figuring out if these resistant bacteria exchange DNA with other bacteria that could cause human infections. It's a remote possibility considering that most bacteria that survive well in the human body do less well in the broader environment," McAllister said.

Fortunately, most bacteria can't survive high temperatures. For this reason, farmers employ "manure-cooking" strategies to kill bacteria before it's applied to the land. One strategy is to stockpile manure in large pyramid-shaped mounds. The heat generated by the dense piles of manure acts as an oven. Most bacteria die after being exposed to temperatures greater than 131°F over a period of a few days. Windrow composting is another type of manure management. Instead of large, passive piles, the manure is kept in long rows and is regularly churned to extend the heating period with temperatures as high as 160°F.

Researchers wanted to know which method was most reliable to kill the bacteria and degrade the DNA associated with antibiotic resistance. They used manure from cattle treated with various antibiotics to find that composting works best for killing bacteria with resistance genes. The mixing process also speeds up decomposition and reduces the volume of manure.

"Composting is an active process. You churn up the manure so that all the materials achieve a higher temperature," McAllister said.

Storing manure in stockpiles works, but not as thoroughly. The heat tends to concentrate in the middle of the pile and doesn't reach the outer edges.

Future experiments could observe the journey of bacteria from farm to the surrounding environment. McAllister described an ideal "systems approach" experiment to discover where resistant bacteria end up if it hasn't been destroyed by composting or stockpiling.

"The concentration of bacteria is the issue, and if those concentrations travel. The journey for most bacteria from the animal through the environment to people is a tough one, Most bacteria do not make it. Manure management practices such as composting and stockpiling can make this journey for bacteria even more difficult," he said.

Read more about McAllister's research in the Journal of Environmental Quality.