Social media can not only be a way to teach students elements of the scientific process, but those who took part in a program to learn scientific argumentation through social media learned the components of argumentation better than their peers who did not, according to a University of Kansas study.

University of Kansas researchers designed a curriculum unit to engage nearly 400 ninth-grade biology students in learning about scientific argumentation through social media use with their teachers and classmates. Argumentation is a key element of both "Next Generation Science Standards" and "Common Core State Standards."

The researchers have since authored a chapter for the book Digital Tools & Solutions for Inquiry-Based STEM Learning, an article in the Journal of Education in Science, Environment & Health and an article in Educational Media International, a Taylor & Francis online journal outlining the study, its results and how teachers can implement similar practices in their classrooms.

The project and publications grew out of a National Science Foundation grant to the university's Center for Research on Learning (CRL). As part of the grant project, researchers worked with teachers and administrators in several urban and suburban Midwestern schools to teach students about Next Generation Science Standards for scientific argumentation, including asking questions, analyzing and interpreting data, engaging an argument from evidence, constructing explanations and obtaining, evaluating and communicating information, all via Twitter and Skype with their classmates and teachers.

The chapter and articles were collaboratively authored by CRL assistant research professors Amber Rowland and Jana Craig-Hare, CRL senior research associate Marilyn Ault and CRL research professor Janis Bulgren, along with James Ellis, associate professor of curriculum and teaching at the University of Kansas.

As use of technology and social media become more commonplace in American classrooms, the researchers wanted to address ways educators can use the methods effectively. When compared with a group of students who did not take part in the project, the treatment group reported significantly higher use of social media to share scientific claims, discuss scientific phenomena, post counterarguments and/or rebuttals to others' claims, demonstrate their knowledge of science content, convince others to see their points of view and opinions about science, understand other points of view about science and to follow scientists and researchers on social media.

The students in the treatment group also scored significantly higher than their peers on a post test in areas of sharing scientific claims, discussing scientific phenomena and demonstrating knowledge of scientific phenomena. They also reported a significant increase in confidence regarding scientific argumentation and were more confident than their peers that they had the knowledge and skills to analyze and make strong scientific claims.

The book chapter is intended to help teachers, administrators, school boards and communities find new ways to incorporate technology and social media in the classroom, the University of Kansas said.

The authors include several tips to make social media and science learning work, such as students reporting they often didn't like Twitter's 140 character limits and not wanting to engage with teachers with their own accounts. Those concerns can be addressed by allowing students to use separate accounts for school, posting pictures of text, keeping discussions on track with school-specific hashtags and ensuring teachers and administrators keep close watch of discussions.

While students discussed scientific topics such as de-extinction and genetics, teachers in the project ended up using social media for professional development as well. Educators connected with colleagues in other schools to compare notes on the unit, share resources, discuss strategies for engaging students and provide evidence of their own successes.

"It really became professional development for the teachers as well," Craig-Hare said of the social media and science project. "Not all of them were social media advocates when we began. It was great helping the teachers make those connections."

Students not only demonstrated that they learned scientific argumentation better than their peers. The book chapter outlines how students who were not comfortable with making verbal arguments in class, such as individuals with autism spectrum disorders or those with social skill deficiencies, reported that they were more comfortable making arguments via social media as well.

The unit also stressed the importance of digital citizenship and how to appropriately conduct oneself on social media, no matter which forms are most popular in the future. This is something not inherently evident to young people, even though they are given to large amounts of time spent online from an early age.